Cold weather training guide.

The aim of this part of the manual on arctic and subarctic operations is to describe in detail the drills and training required for the individual soldier and infantry section to operate in winter.

The scope includes information on personal clothing and equipment; campsites, shelters and tentage; weapons and the construction of field works; movement; cold weather injuries and health rules; and section and platoon tactics for winter operations.

The information given has been primarily written for use by instructors involved in cold weather training.

Detailed in this comprehensive handbook:

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Section 1 – General

  • 101 Aim
  • 102 Scope
  • 103 Areas of Winter Operations
  • 104 (Not Allocated)

Section 2 – Introduction To Cold

  • 105 General
  • 106 Types of Cold
  • 107 Windchill
  • 108 Effects of Cold on Man
  • 109 Adjustments
  • 110 Leadership Requirements
  • 111 Conclusion

CHAPTER 2 – PERSONAL CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT

Section 1 – Cold Weather Clothing

  • 201 General
  • 202 Principles of Clothing Design
  • 203 Footwear
  • 204 Principles of Keeping Warm
  • 205 Military Requirements of Cold Weather Clothing
  • 206 Types of Military Clothing
  • 207 General
  • 208 Sleeping Bag – 1951 Pattern
  • 209 Sleeping Bag – 1965 Pattern
  • 210 General
  • 211 Description
  • 212 Assembly – Attachment of Strap Components to the Frame
  • 213 Packing
  • 314 Adjustment
  • 215 Camouflage
  • 216 Care and Maintenance
  • 217 Conclusion

Section 4 – Lantern Coleman

  • 218 General
  • 219 Description
  • 220 Stripping, Assembly, and User Repairs
  • 221 Operation
  • 222 Light Discipline
  • 223 Care and Maintenance
  • 224 Safety Precautions
  • 225 Common Faults and Remedies
  • 226 Conclusion

Section 5 – Stoves M1950 C1B1 AND Coleman Model 431 Two Burner

  • 227 General
  • 228 M1950 Stove
  • 229 Description
  • 230 Stripping and Assembling
  • 231 Common Faults, Stoppages, and Remedies
  • 232 Filling
  • 233 Lighting
  • 234 Stove C1B1
  • 235 Description
  • 236 Stripping and Assembly
  • 237 Common Faults, Stoppages, and Remedies
  • 238 Filling
  • 239 To Pump
  • 240 Lighting
  • 241 Care and Maintenance
  • 242 Stove Coleman Model 431 – Two Burner Stove
  • 243 Description
  • 244 Stripping and Assembly
  • 245 Common Faults, Stoppages and Remedies
  • 246 Filling
  • 247 To Pump
  • 248 To Install Tank
  • 249 To Light Main Burner
  • 250 To Light Auxiliary Burner(s)
  • 251 To Shut Off Burners
  • 252 To Pack Stove
  • 253 Care and Maintenance
  • 254 Safety Precautions – All Stoves
  • 255 Conclusion

Section 6 – Toboggans

  • 256 General
  • 257 Loading
  • 258 One–man Toboggan
  • 259 Two–man Toboggan
  • 260 Conclusion

CHAPTER 3 – CAMPSITES, SHELTERS, AND TENTAGE

Section 1 – Selecting a Campsite And Bivouac Routine

  • 301 General
  • 302 Selection of a Defensive Position
  • 303 Campsites
  • 304 Entering a Campsite
  • 305 Establishing a Campsite
  • 306 Collecting Ice or Snow for Cooking
  • 307 Constructing a Latrine
  • 308 Digging a Garbage Pit
  • 309 Camp Routine
  • 310 Duties of Tent Group Commander
  • 311 Duties of Cook
  • 312 Preparation of Rations
  • 313 Bedding Down
  • 314 Position of Air Mattress
  • 315 Responsibilities
  • 316 Security
  • 317 Breaking Camp
  • 318 Conclusion

Section 3 – Pitching And Striking Tentage

  • 326 General
  • 327 Tent Pitching and Striking Squad
  • 328 Duties of Tent Pitching Squad
  • 329 Tent Pitching Drill
  • 330 Method
  • 331 Striking Drill
  • 332 Conclusion

Section 4 – Improvised Shelter

  • 333 General
  • 334 Siting of Shelters
  • 335 Areas for Shelters
  • 336 Building
  • 337 Types of Shelters
  • 338 Shelters in Wooded Areas
  • 339 Double Lean–to
  • 340 Wigwam
  • 341 Tree–pit Shelter
  • 342 Chopped or Fallen Tree Shelter
  • 343 Shelters in Open Country and Barrens
  • 344 Conclusion

CHAPTER 4 – WEAPONS AND FIELD WORKS

Section 1 – Small Arms and Ammunition

  • 401 General
  • 402 Weapon Problems
  • 403 Care and Maintenance of Weapons
  • 404 Condensation
  • 405 Snow and Ice
  • 406 Weapon Mechanisms
  • 407 Breakages
  • 408 Cold Weather Handwear
  • 409 Ice Fog
  • 410 Weapon Cleaning General
  • 411 Weapon Platforms
  • 412 Ammunition
  • 413 Conclusion

Section 2 – Firing Position In Snow Conditions

  • 414 General
  • 415 Small Arms
  • 416 Method
  • 417 Support Weapons
  • 418 Methods
  • 419 Conclusion

Section 3 – Field Defenses

  • 420 General
  • 421 Penetration Table
  • 422 Walls and Forms (Frameworks)
  • 423 Snow Defences
  • 424 Ice–crete Defences
  • 425 Ice–crete and Snow Defences
  • 426 Other Types of Defences
  • 427 Additional Points
  • 428 Conclusion

CHAPTER 5 – MOVEMENT

Section 1 – Land Navigation

  • 501 General
  • 502 Navigation Problems
  • 503 Methods of Land Navigation
  • 504 Navigation by Dead Reckoning
  • 505 Method of Dead Reckoning
  • 506 Distance Measuring
  • 507 Direction
  • 508 Hints for the Navigator
  • 509 Conclusion

Section 2 – March Discipline

  • 510 General
  • 511 Before the March
  • 512 During the March
  • 513 End of March
  • 514 Conclusion

Section 3 – Trail–Breaking

  • 515 General
  • 516 Planning
  • 517 Navigation
  • 518 Route Selection
  • 519 Composition
  • 520 Organization
  • 521 Trail Marking
  • 522 Conclusion
  • (523 not allocated)

Section 4 – Skiing and Snowshoeing

  • 524 General
  • 525 Characteristics of Snow
  • 526 Ski Techniques
  • 527 Walking Step
  • 528 Step Turn
  • 529 Kick Turn
  • 530 Falling and Recovery
  • 531 One Step
  • 532 Variations
  • 535 Downhill Running
  • 536 Braking Methods
  • 537 Turns
  • 538 Skiing over Variable Terrain
  • 539 Ski–joring
  • 540 Ski Drill
  • 541 Snowshoeing
  • 542 Types
  • 543 Maintenance
  • 544 Snowshoe Harness
  • 545 Training and Rate of Movement
  • 546 Snowshoe Technique

CHAPTER 6 – TACTICS

Section 1 – General

  • 601 Introduction
  • 602 Concept of Operations – Arctic
  • 603 Concept of Operations – Subarctic

Section 2 – Basic Planning And Operations

  • 604 Winter Problems
  • 605 Standard of Training
  • 606 Planning
  • 607 Fire Support
  • 608 The Advance
  • 609 The Attack
  • 610 The Defence
  • 611 Patrolling
  • 612 Conclusion

Section 3 – Camouflage And Concealment

  • 613 General
  • 614 Individual Concealment
  • 615 Equipment Concealment
  • 616 Field Defences
  • 617 Tracks and Trails
  • 618 Light Discipline
  • 619 Vapour Clouds
  • 620 Noise Level
  • 621 Deception
  • 622 Examples of Vehicle Camouflaged
  • 623 Formula of Paint Used

CHAPTER 7 – COLD WEATHER INJURIES AND HEALTH RULES

Section 1 – First Aid

  • 701 General
  • 702 Shock
  • 703 Frost–bite
  • 704 Advanced Cold Exposure
  • 705 Snow Blindness
  • 706 Immersion Foot (Trenchfoot)
  • 707 Sunburn and Wind Chapping
  • 708 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
  • 709 Fume Irritation (Tent Eye)
  • 710 Constipation
  • 711 Dehydration
  • 712 Casualty Bag
  • 713 Casualty Evacuation by Toboggan

Section 2 – Health Rules

  • 714 General
  • 715 Individual Adjustment
  • 716 Personal Hygiene
  • 717 Food
  • 718 Latrines and Garbage
  • 719 Conclusion

ANNEXES

  • A Suggested Formations In The Advance
  • B Notes On Ice Crossings
  • C Theory And Uses Of The Astro Compass
  • D Maintenance Under Winter Conditions
  • E References