Cold Weather Training
The aim of this part of the manual on arctic and subarctic operations is to describe in detail the drills and training required for the individual soldier and infantry section to operate in winter.
The scope includes information on personal clothing and equipment; campsites, shelters and tentage; weapons and the construction of field works; movement; cold weather injuries and health rules; and section and platoon tactics for winter operations.
The information given has been primarily written for use by instructors involved in cold weather training.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION
SECTION 1 – GENERAL
101 Aim
102 Scope
103 Areas of Winter Operations
104 (Not Allocated)
SECTION 2 – INTRODUCTION TO COLD
105 General
106 Types of Cold
107 Windchill
108 Effects of Cold on Man
109 Adjustments
110 Leadership Requirements
111 Conclusion
CHAPTER 2 – PERSONAL CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT
SECTION 1 – COLD WEATHER CLOTHING
201 General
202 Principles of Clothing Design
203 Footwear
204 Principles of Keeping Warm
205 Military Requirements of Cold Weather Clothing
206 Types of Military Clothing
207 General
208 Sleeping Bag – 1951 Pattern
209 Sleeping Bag – 1965 Pattern
210 General
211 Description
212 Assembly – Attachment of Strap Components to the Frame
213 Packing
314 Adjustment
215 Camouflage
216 Care and Maintenance
217 Conclusion
SECTION 4 – LANTERN COLEMAN
218 General
219 Description
220 Stripping, Assembly, and User Repairs
221 Operation
222 Light Discipline
223 Care and Maintenance
224 Safety Precautions
225 Common Faults and Remedies
226 Conclusion
SECTION 5 – STOVES M1950 C1B1 AND COLEMAN MODEL 431 TWO BURNER
227 General
228 M1950 Stove
229 Description
230 Stripping and Assembling
231 Common Faults, Stoppages, and Remedies
232 Filling
233 Lighting
234 Stove C1B1
235 Description
236 Stripping and Assembly
237 Common Faults, Stoppages, and Remedies
238 Filling
239 To Pump
240 Lighting
241 Care and Maintenance
242 Stove Coleman Model 431 – Two Burner Stove
243 Description
244 Stripping and Assembly
245 Common Faults, Stoppages and Remedies
246 Filling
247 To Pump
248 To Install Tank
249 To Light Main Burner
250 To Light Auxiliary Burner(s)
251 To Shut Off Burners
252 To Pack Stove
253 Care and Maintenance
254 Safety Precautions – All Stoves
255 Conclusion
SECTION 6 – TOBOGGANS
256 General
257 Loading
258 One–man Toboggan
259 Two–man Toboggan
260 Conclusion
CHAPTER 3 – CAMPSITES, SHELTERS, AND TENTAGE
SECTION 1 – SELECTING A CAMPSITE AND BIVOUAC ROUTINE
301 General
302 Selection of a Defensive Position
303 Campsites
304 Entering a Campsite
305 Establishing a Campsite
306 Collecting Ice or Snow for Cooking
307 Constructing a Latrine
308 Digging a Garbage Pit
309 Camp Routine
310 Duties of Tent Group Commander
311 Duties of Cook
312 Preparation of Rations
313 Bedding Down
314 Position of Air Mattress
315 Responsibilities
316 Security
317 Breaking Camp
318 Conclusion
SECTION 2 – INSPECTION, PREPARATION AND STOWAGE OF TENTS
319 General
320 Description
321 Inspection of Outer Tent
322 Assembling the Tent
323 Stowage of Tents
324 Folding for Toboggan
325 Conclusion
SECTION 3 – PITCHING AND STRIKING TENTAGE
326 General
327 Tent Pitching and Striking Squad
328 Duties of Tent Pitching Squad
329 Tent Pitching Drill
330 Method
331 Striking Drill
332 Conclusion
SECTION 4 – IMPROVISED SHELTER
333 General
334 Siting of Shelters
335 Areas for Shelters
336 Building
337 Types of Shelters
338 Shelters in Wooded Areas
339 Double Lean–to
340 Wigwam
341 Tree–pit Shelter
342 Chopped or Fallen Tree Shelter
343 Shelters in Open Country and Barrens
344 Conclusion
CHAPTER 4 – WEAPONS AND FIELD WORKS
SECTION 1 – SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION
401 General
402 Weapon Problems
403 Care and Maintenance of Weapons
404 Condensation
405 Snow and Ice
406 Weapon Mechanisms
407 Breakages
408 Cold Weather Handwear
409 Ice Fog
410 Weapon Cleaning General
411 Weapon Platforms
412 Ammunition
413 Conclusion
SECTION 2 – FIRING POSITION IN SNOW CONDITIONS
414 General
415 Small Arms
416 Method
417 Support Weapons
418 Methods
419 Conclusion
SECTION 3 – FIELD DEFENCES
420 General
421 Penetration Table
422 Walls and Forms (Frameworks)
423 Snow Defences
424 Ice–crete Defences
425 Ice–crete and Snow Defences
426 Other Types of Defences
427 Additional Points
428 Conclusion
CHAPTER 5 – MOVEMENT
SECTION 1 – LAND NAVIGATION
501 General
502 Navigation Problems
503 Methods of Land Navigation
504 Navigation by Dead Reckoning
505 Method of Dead Reckoning
506 Distance Measuring
507 Direction
508 Hints for the Navigator
509 Conclusion
SECTION 2 – MARCH DISCIPLINE
510 General
511 Before the March
512 During the March
513 End of March
514 Conclusion
SECTION 3 – TRAIL–BREAKING
515 General
516 Planning
517 Navigation
518 Route Selection
519 Composition
520 Organization
521 Trail Marking
522 Conclusion
(523 not allocated)
SECTION 4 – SKIING AND SNOWSHOEING
524 General
525 Characteristics of Snow
526 Ski Techniques
527 Walking Step
528 Step Turn
529 Kick Turn
530 Falling and Recovery
531 One Step
532 Variations
535 Downhill Running
536 Braking Methods
537 Turns
538 Skiing over Variable Terrain
539 Ski–joring
540 Ski Drill
541 Snowshoeing
542 Types
543 Maintenance
544 Snowshoe Harness
545 Training and Rate of Movement
546 Snowshoe Technique
CHAPTER 6 – TACTICS
SECTION 1 – GENERAL
601 Introduction
602 Concept of Operations – Arctic
603 Concept of Operations – Subarctic
SECTION 2 – BASIC PLANNING AND OPERATIONS
604 Winter Problems
605 Standard of Training
606 Planning
607 Fire Support
608 The Advance
609 The Attack
610 The Defence
611 Patrolling
612 Conclusion
SECTION 3 – CAMOUFLAGE AND CONCEALMENT
613 General
614 Individual Concealment
615 Equipment Concealment
616 Field Defences
617 Tracks and Trails
618 Light Discipline
619 Vapour Clouds
620 Noise Level
621 Deception
622 Examples of Vehicle Camouflaged
623 Formula of Paint Used
CHAPTER 7 – COLD WEATHER INJURIES AND HEALTH RULES
SECTION 1 – FIRST AID
701 General
702 Shock
703 Frost–bite
704 Advanced Cold Exposure
705 Snow Blindness
706 Immersion Foot (Trenchfoot)
707 Sunburn and Wind Chapping
708 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
709 Fume Irritation (Tent Eye)
710 Constipation
711 Dehydration
712 Casualty Bag
713 Casualty Evacuation by Toboggan
SECTION 2 – HEALTH RULES
714 General
715 Individual Adjustment
716 Personal Hygiene
717 Food
718 Latrines and Garbage
719 Conclusion
ANNEXES
A SUGGESTED FORMATIONS IN THE ADVANCE
B NOTES ON ICE CROSSINGS
C THEORY AND USES OF THE ASTRO COMPASS
D MAINTENANCE UNDER WINTER CONDITIONS
E REFERENCES